Human Error and Preventive Actions †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Human Error and Preventive Actions. Answer: Introduction Human error can be defined as something that is committed without the intention of the person. It can also be defined as an act of work that does not fulfill a particular set of rules set for it. These might lead the task or system to breakdown. Logically, failure of human actions can occur due to two reasons: the actions might have gone as planned, but the plan itself was inadequate; or, the plan might be sufficient enough, but the performance unsatisfactory (Dekker, 2014). This report aims at describing the three main types of human error and discussing their individual preventive actions. They are errors in skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based behaviors (Mattox, 2012). These errors will be described in detail. The reason behind such mistakes and the possible preventive actions will be highlighted upon, in the further course of the report. The failure in performance and engaging in unintentional actions are classified as skill-based errors. Whereas, failures related to intended actions or planning, are known as mistakes and can be further categorized as rule-based and knowledge-based mistakes (Chen et al., 2013). Skill-based Error Skill-based errors generally tend to occur during routine activities. These may occur if the attention is diverted from the task, due to either thoughts or certain external factors. These errors generally occur even though the individual has all the necessary knowledge, skills and experience required for the job. The same individual might have performed the tasks correctly many a times in the past or on a regular basis. However, due to certain distractions, he or she may fail to do it correctly that one time, and the error is committed. This kind of errors does not reflect any discrepancy in the individuals grasp over the task. This may however help the supervisors conclude that the individual is inattentive or that the work environment is not peaceful enough. As the work of an individual becomes more of a routine and less creative, they can be compiled with little consciousness. Thus, more familiar the task becomes, the easier it gets for the mind to wander off. In such fields of wo rk, it can be concluded that the highly experienced workers can commit more skill-based errors compared to the people with less experience. Further classification of skill-based errors reveals slip of action, memory lapse and environmental capture (Raeson Hobbs, 2017). Slip of Action: This occurs at the execution stage of a task. An individual might perform a task wrongly due to inattentiveness or disturbances (Baars, 2013). For example, a pilot who is to key in a certain command-A into the GPS system ends up keying in command-B, on being interrupted by his co-pilots query (Plant and Stanton, 2012). Memory Lapse: This occurs after the framing of the plan but before its execution, while the plan is still there in the memory. Memory lapse is forgetting to do a certain part of a sequence (Guo et al., 2014). For example, considering an example in the IT industry where an employee is well aware of doing documentation reports for software codes. One fine day, he might forget to do the proper formatting of the document and commit the task without it. This would go in as a skill-based error due to memory lapse, as he unintentionally skipped a step. Environmental Capture: This type of error occurs when the individual is doing the same task that he is accustomed to, but in a new environment or system (Afonso Mesquita, 2013). It takes a bit of adaptation for the human brain to adapt itself to the change. For example, a person who is used to work on a normal desktop keyboard with a separate number pad might face problems when introduced to a laptop keyboard without the number pad. He or she might end up striking wrong keys on the keyboard while intending to type numbers. Preventive Actions As there are further classifications in skill-based error, different preventive measures should be taken. To avoid or prevent slip of action, one must put extreme concentration at work. External disturbances should be minimized. Regular crosschecking must be practiced while doing fast paced tasks (Min et al., 2015). Memory lapse error occurs once in a while. One might never know or realize if he or she had forgotten a step. These are just unlucky errors. Errors due to environmental capture are the easiest to prevent. It generally fades away with time. Once the individual gets used to working in the new environment, he may succeed in adapting to it. Rule-based mistakes occur when an intended course of action fails to achieve the expected outcomes. These may happen due to an inappropriate follow up of a rule or due to the application of an improper or misfit plan (Kuselman et al., 2013). Many examples can be drawn related to this case. One for example is a situation in medical emergency. Generally, it is advised to apply fresh water on a cut or injury before applying any medical ointment. An individual, trying to follow the same rule, applies water on an injury caused due to burn. This would in turn cause more damage to it. This can be considered as a rule-based mistake, as the individual tried to follow the same medical steps for a cut injury while handling a burn. The plan did not work out, leading to a mistake. Another example can be of a carpenter, who is supposed to let the furniture dry for at least a day after applying glue. Instead, he fails to abide by the rule and starts working on it before the prescribed time. This might degrade the quality of the furniture. This is a situation where the improper execution of rules leads to mistakes. To avoid or prevent rule-based mistakes, a variety of actions can be performed. The individual who is used to such mistakes must take extra care into resolving them. He or she must take into in-depth learning of rules and regulations to handle respective situations. People often tend to break rules to attain shortcuts to success. Therefore, patience is another important factor that can help to eliminate such issues. Special care and help can be provided as an outsider as well. A supervisor for example, can arrange special training sessions for individuals who tend to misinterpret plans and rules on a regular basis. This would help in clearing out any doubt that the individual may have. Knowledge-based Mistake These mistakes occur, when an intended task fails to reach its desired outcome due to the lack of acute knowledge. People, when attempting to work by the trial-and-error method also commit this kind of mistakes. Incorrect or improper knowledge communication often results in such mistakes. Inadequate quality of training, lack of a proper learning infrastructure or weak attentiveness towards the learning process leads people into committing such mistakes. This is common among fresh employees. Having just joined a new job, they tend to be nervous. They also lack enough experience. Therefore, such mistakes occur. Knowledge-based mistakes are extremely common due to the vastness of knowledge-based tasks. There is no end to learning. In certain cases, people tend to concentrate on the broader details of a learning process and instead ignore the petty ones. This creates a lack in knowledge as well. Tasks that require such petty knowledge would cause problems for them. Examples of such mistakes can be drawn from every possible field. Supposedly, a hotel chef, trying to prepare something new, applies his own wit. As in this case, he chose the trial and error method to achieve his goal, the food might not turn out to be good enough (Harrington Ottebbacher, 2013). This would go down as a knowledge-based mistake, due to improper planning. However, such mistakes are generally encountered during tests. A trainee programmer, who has just been promoted to the team, may tend to commit this kind of mistakes. He lacks the experience needed to handle all kind of bugs and problems in his programs (King, Holder Ahmed, 2013). Eliminating knowledge-based mistakes is a tough ask. As mentioned earlier, there is no end to learning. Nevertheless, there are methods that can be adapted to avoid such mistakes. In the era of internet, one can take into consulting the web whenever a doubt crosses the mind. An individual must have the tendency to keep learning with special emphasis laid on quality rather than quantity. Trial and error methods should be abandoned in case of serious matters. Individuals must be highly attentive to training and induction sessions if they wish to avoid early knowledge based mistakes at work. Supervisors must also hold patience in dealing with such issues. Learning is a slow process and comes eventually. Punishing an individual for their lack of knowledge would only degrade his or her confidence. However, supporting the person and helping him with information, would only boost his productivity. Conclusion Human error and human performance can be concluded as two sides of the same coin. The study of the characteristics of error, reveal the various categories in it. Skill-based errors occur due to absentmindedness or external disturbances and rule-based errors due to human negligence. They are still avoidable. Knowledge-based errors are however inevitable, as there is never an end to learning, in any field. Human error can never be completely abolished. To err is human. However, the only common way to escape from making such error is to crosscheck the tasks. Some mistakes might be irreparable. People must never lose hope. To fix their own errors and mistakes is their sole duty. References Afonso, J., Mesquita, I. (2013). Skill-based differences in visual search behaviours and verbal reports in a representative film-based task in volleyball.International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport,13(3), 669-677. Baars, B. J. (Ed.). (2013).Experimental slips and human error: Exploring the architecture of volition. Springer Science Business Media. Chen, S. T., Wall, A., Davies, P., Yang, Z., Wang, J., Chou, Y. H. (2013). A Human and Organisational Factors (HOFs) analysis method for marine casualties using HFACS-Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA).Safety science,60, 105-114. Dekker, S. (2014).The field guide to understanding'human error'. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Guo, B., Zhang, D., Yang, D., Yu, Z., Zhou, X. (2014). Enhancing memory recall via an intelligent social contact management system.IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems,44(1), 78-91. Harrington, R. J., Ottenbacher, M. C. (2013). Managing the culinary innovation process: The case of new product development.Journal of culinary science technology,11(1), 4-18. King, A., Holder, M. G., Ahmed, R. A. (2013). Errors as allies: error management training in health professions education.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2012. Kuselman, I., Pennecchi, F., Fajgelj, A., Karpov, Y. (2013). Human errors and reliability of test results in analytical chemistry.Accreditation and Quality Assurance,18(1), 3-9. Mattox, E. A. (2012). Strategies for improving patient safety: linking task type to error type.Critical care nurse,32(1), 52-78. Min, C., Kashyap, S., Lee, B., Song, C., Kim, T. (2015, October). Cross-checking semantic correctness: The case of finding file system bugs. InProceedings of the 25th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles(pp. 361-377). ACM. Plant, K. L., Stanton, N. A. (2012). Why did the pilots shut down the wrong engine? Explaining errors in context using Schema Theory and the Perceptual Cycle Model.Safety science,50(2), 300-315. Reason, J., Hobbs, A. (2017).Managing maintenance error: a practical guide. CRC Press.

Endangered Species Bengal Tiger Sample Essay Example For Students

Endangered Species: Bengal Tiger Sample Essay The common name for the species is Bengal Tiger and it belongs to the genus/species Panthera Tigris Tigris. The Bengal Tiger normally has a ruddy brown coat with narrow black. grey. or brown strips traveling in a perpendicular way accompanied by a pick or white underbelly. Although some have a mutant cistron which causes the skin colour to be white alternatively of the usual colour. Since the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams by and large hunt at twilight and morning. their chevrons at as a disguise in the tall grasses. They don’t have the capableness to trail quarry for long periods of clip and distances. It is the 2nd largest of all life tiger species. It can be up to 10 ft. for the male tiger and 9 ft. for the female. The male Bengal tiger can make a weight of up to 500 pounds. while the female tiger can make up to 300 pound. A tiger can devour up to 88 pound. of meat in one eating period. The tiger by and large has a life span enduring up to 15 old ages in the natural stat e. 16 to 18 in imprisonment. The Bengal tiger’s gestation period is normally 98-110 yearss and 2- 4 greenhorn is the mean litter. Male Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams don’t reach sexual adulthood until around 4-5 old ages and females reach adulthood at about 3-4 old ages of age. Hearing is their sharpest sense. about five times better than worlds. and their dark vision is about six times stronger than worlds. The loud boom of this tiger can be heard up to two stat mis off. Despite their awful repute. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams by and large avoid worlds ; although some can go barbarous cannibals. It can be found in a big assortment of home grounds some of which of the carnal include tropical jungles. coppice. marsh lands. and tall grasslands in countries of Bangladesh. Nepal. India. and Burma. Almost one tierce of the tiger’s population lives in India and Bangladesh. Bengal Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams have been a national symbol of many Empires in India. today it is the national animate being of India. India has two-third of the entire population of the tiger. They are carnivores and their diet normally consists of medium to big quarry ( such as hogs. American bison. and cervid ) . By the age of 2 to 3 old ages old. these Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams become to the full grown. Most Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams are lone animate beings. as Bengal Liberation Tiger s of Tamil Eelams are. and habitually do non populate in groups. Although the females can go with a group of immature. this includes about three to four Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. This species of tiger is considered endangered and has been since 2010 because of factors such as habitat loss and poaching. Their scope of home ground lessenings more and more each twelvemonth because of building for constructing new substructures to merely the glade of the lands where they roam. This causes them to travel about frequently making new versions but non positively impacting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams per say. Poaching is another large issue with these animate beings. Their tegument and other organic structure parts for traditional medical specialty and their fur receive high monetary values with poachers doing them to go hunted frequently for the interest of hard currency. Poachers kill for tiger tegument which can be used in bags and jackets for markets in the economic system. Poaching is by far the most important immediate menace to the being of wild tiger populations. Some civilizations have the belief that powdered tiger castanetss have medicative values . which is damaging for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams population. Tiger castanetss are used in traditional Chinese medical specialties as a musculus reinforcement and intervention for Rheumatism. .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .postImageUrl , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:hover , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:visited , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:active { border:0!important; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:active , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cuba: Crimes Against Human Rights EssayLttes by and large need a big district to roll and without it Numberss dwindle greatly. Worlds are doing this species to go so scarce to the point of about extinction in the following 10 to twenty old ages. There less than 2. 500 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams left in the natural state which is a large bead from about 100. 000 a century ago. Another portion to the Bengal tiger’s hazard is due to the menace they pose on communities and their farm animal. Many worlds have the agencies to support themselves and normally don’t keep back on making so. therefore harming the tiger’s population even more. All of these are some of the many grounds for the tiger’s hazard but the chief issue is the habitat loss. Their forest lands are invariably being invaded by worlds from a roar in population and rapid urbanisation taking topographic point. The authorities in India started a preservation attempt in 1972 with Project Tiger. The Government in India has besides established 37 tiger militias and wildlife sanctuaries throughout 17 Indian provinces for the protection of the Bengal tiger. The WWF ( World Wildlife Foundation ) works with local spouses to assist beef up antipoaching Acts of the Apostless and decrease the menaces to their natural home grounds in India. Nepal. and Bhutan. WWF is besides seeking to halt illegal wildlife trade alongside TRAFFIC. the wildlife trading monitoring web ) to assist halt the trafficking of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams by back uping intelligence webs to halt tiger parts and merchandises from being smuggled into black markets in Asia. and besides by funding antipoaching patrols. South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network ( SAWEN ) is besides supported by WWF so the regional authoritiess can set their information and resources together. Such information includes early warning marks. puting in effectual statute law. and bettering enforcement of policies and Torahs. Inch 201 0. WWF helped back up a Nepal-India declaration to conserve biodiversity including the Bengal Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. Another large portion in aid the Bengal tiger’s population is a undertaking started in 2000. called Tiger Canyons. which is a re-wilding attempt for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams that are in imprisonment. This undertaking attempts to develop. confined greenhorn how to stalk. Hunt. associate hunting with nutrient. and recover their predatory inherent aptitudes.

The Lost Room, and other ghost stories Review Essay Example

The Lost Room, and other ghost stories Review Paper Essay on The Lost Room, and other ghost stories For the purchase of books I pushed pretty good you know and love me Dickens surname Le Fanu, and Jerome. But paid off only two authors, and then one to this day I do not know, Jerome K. Jerome and his Junket with ghosts and John Kendrick Bangz with its Leprosy Theosophists. It is noteworthy that of all the stories of ghosts, I especially liked the stories are written in a humorous style not terrible, but too funny. Indeed, these humorous adventures of the hero with the ghosts of the authors failed to fame funny (sometimes laughed to tears, sometimes abdominal pain), perky, are good waves and does not leave me indifferent. It is to these stories I would like to return once again, enjoying and language authors and their style, and dialogue and story -. I want to once again relive exciting moments with the protagonists The rest of the stories seemed to me in any way neither terrible, no gay or sad. Found in a collection of stories and stronger and weaker, but on the whole almost everything good after all English literature of the XIX century it is difficult to be ranked as poor. Frankly, I have been and full of disappointment: it happened with The Lost Room and the OBriens East Window Swain these stories seemed to me absolutely nothing in his head except some confusion nothing more from them and left . in general, the stories in the tradition of Gothic have some uniqueness to me, because, I re-read stories, neponravivshiesya me this the other day, in a different mood my attitude towards them could easily change for the better . And indeed the history of the Haunted make me a reverential admiration, which is impossible to describe in a few words. Im just going back to my childhood, when, meeting with friends, we turned off the lights, light candles, wrap in blankets and telling scary stories. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Room, and other ghost stories Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Room, and other ghost stories Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Room, and other ghost stories Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So if you are a lover of English literature (though there is also the stories, written by the Americans), if youre a fan of horror stories about ghosts (though not all of them, and terrible), and if you do not mind not very high-quality edition with cardboard cover (personally my book fell apart in the first day of readings, although the books treat with due accuracy), then go ahead and purchase of books and enjoy its content. After all, everyone has different tastes, and maybe youll like what I have, unfortunately, is not impressed.

Aristotle vs Plato Comparative Essay Essay Example

Aristotle vs Plato Comparative Essay Essay Example Aristotle vs Plato Comparative Essay Essay Aristotle vs Plato Comparative Essay Essay Aristotle vs. Plato I believe Aristotle and Plato are both great thinkers. Aristotle and Plato both give good evidence to what they believe. There are some things that Plato says that I may or may not agree on, and same goes with Aristotle. In this essay I am going to prove why Aristotle and Plato both have an influence upon my thinking. In order for me to prove that I must understand Plato’s thinking, and Aristotle’s thinking. I am going to analyze their different philosophical perspectives such as their theory of forms, and human nature. Aristotle has a greater influence upon my thinking in the long run, but I want to be sure that I understand them both. Plato believes the body is like a cage for the soul. The real person is not the body; it’s the soul that is held within in the body. I agree with Plato, because after death our bodies decay and we no longer have a body, but are soul still exists. Aristotle on the other hand believes a man is like an animal. Not just any animal it must be a certain kind. He believes the soul is a form. When I read what Aristotle believed about human nature it really had me thinking. I want to say I agree with Aristotle but then again it’s a little confusing. I want to say I agree, because people say that we were animals before we became humans, but I myself still don’t know the truth. If I knew for sure that we were animals before we became humans then I would most definitely agree with Aristotle. Plato’s reasoning behind human nature is much better understood to me. Metaphysics is the study of being as being (reality). Epistemology is the study of knowing (justice). Plato believes there is another world and the world is the world of forms. He breaks down metaphysics and epistemology to bring this world to an understanding. The world of forms is permanent and unchanging. The world of forms is what we know (our knowledge) which came to conclusion by reasoning. Even though we may not be able to see or touch these forms does not make them unreal. We do not live in the world of forms; we live in the world of experience. The world of experience is impermanent and changeable. The world of experience is our opinions, what we sense, believe, but in our world it’s all real, but in reality it is actually real. I believe the world of forms is a world we all wish to live n, but it’s unreal. The world of forms is like a dream. Aristotle breaks down the world into categories which is better understood than Plato view of the world. Aristotle breaks it down into ten categories (substance, quantity, quality, relationship, place, time, posture, state, action, and undergoing something). A substance exists within itself. The other nine categories are known as Accidents. You have to have a substance for anything else to exist. Without a substance there are no accidents. Without matter there is no form. When it comes to form you must have matter Aristotle believes. I agree with him on that. Plato never mentioned matter; he always believed you just had a form. An easy way to show why I disagree with Plato is, the body is the form and the soul is the matter. He never identifies the body and soul as matter and form. He puts them together as one whole form, but he kind of digs a hole for himself by saying that, because he believes himself, the soul and body are not connected. Although the soul is inside the body, the body is just protection for the soul. Form is defined as a substance, but with a substance you must have matter that is why I believe/understand Aristotle views of the world. According to Aristotle only concrete things are matter such as a soul, a person, an animal, etc. Aristotle’s view on form is much more detailed and makes more sense to me. Something’s Plato mentions just does not seem like actual reality to me. Aristotle and Plato brought together equals a well defined/understood philosophical world. In conclusion I now have a better understanding of Aristotle and Plato’s thinking. I personally believe that Aristotle came to his conclusion with the start of Plato’s idea. Plato makes a lot of good points, but something’s he believes is not complete or may not be true. I believe Aristotle is more philosophically inclined than Plato. He gets rid of the ideas that are irrelevant. I see him as someone who believes the world is satisfying just the way it is. They both had visions of ways to improve the society through forms, matter, reality, human nature or whatever it may be. Both these men were extremely great thinkers. All their thoughts, and opinions were different, but they had the same concerns. We still to this day, in this future use both Aristotle and Plato’s philosophical way of thinking and I believe that was their whole purpose.

Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article - Essay Example This has been substantiated in the most recent episode of Paul Shrode, wherein the city's former Deputy Medical Examiner has admitted that he lied on his resume to secure the position of Chief Medical Examiner in El Paso County† (Go Articles). This glaring incident and the periodic problems with the Houston Police Department crime lab only proved that there is doubtful integrity in the field of forensic sciences. Thus, it is for this reason that the author suggested that criminal defense attorneys should challenge every piece of forensic evidence presented before them, and outweigh its reliability before declaring it as admissible evidence. Criminal defense attorneys should refrain from accepting ‘expert’ testimony as gospel truth and upholding it as reliable as such, regardless of whether the trial court accepts the witness to be qualified to give the expert testimony of the issued in question. â€Å"They contribute to the popular acceptance among most jurors tha t "forensic evidence" is infallible when, in truth, the evidence analysis methodologies used in most of this science have never been validated and the end results have been tragic† (Go Articles). I fully agree with is the analysis of the writer.

Project on Recent Developments in Marketing Management Essay

Project on Recent Developments in Marketing Management - Essay Example Some advanced features have been added to the marketing management techniques by the companies which helped them to bring their business in front of global people. Some recent developments in marketing management offer various opportunities in business which contributed a lot for future. The recent economic crisis has been faced by almost all the companies who are involved in global businesses and that is the main reason why the companies are trying to bring some developments in their marketing management techniques (Lee, 2001). Most of the companies were dependent on manual marketing techniques like newspaper, Television advertising, radio etc but it was found that the companies were only able to attract their local customers through these marketing techniques and they were able to promote their products in local people. It was quite difficult for them to reach the potential customers of other countries and they were facing trouble in their business. The modern marketing techniques are mostly based on internet. Internet is a great source to reach global people at a very low cost. The modern inventions of search engines have changed the way to find information related to every business a lot. People can make their decision in a very short time and quite easily with the help of these search engines. The search engines can provide the detailed information on every business by entering a suitable search term which is often called as keywords. The most popular search engine â€Å"Google† can find all related results to the search term entered (Chaffey, 2001). People can visit the websites of the businesses which is searched by Google and they can make their decision. Website is a great way for the business owners to reach global people as the websites are not confined within a city or country. People from any country can visit the websites from any other country. There are some other developments in marketing management too. Today, people of a particular cou ntry can watch the television channels of another country which is quite a good way for marketing. People can watch the advertisements of the products of foreign countries and they can order for them. The online shopping method is quite popular now-a-day and people can buy everything sitting in their home by ordering through internet or telephone. It helped people a lot to buy products from foreign companies. The best thing about internet marketing is it is quite cheap. If we look at the earlier days we can see that the companies used to spend a lot of money in order to promote their business. The earlier sources of marketing like television, newspaper, radio etc charged a huge amount of money to place the advertisements of the companies and their products and it was not possible for the small and medium level companies to afford the amount of money but today, the companies can post their advertisements, details of their products in numerous social bookmarking websites for free and a major portion of modern people visit these websites in a daily basis. So, this technique seems to be very useful for small and medium level companies who do not have enough money to promote their businesses through television, newspaper and other sources. People are quite tech savvy today and they like to spend hours sitting in front of computer and surfing internet. There are lots of social networking

Strategies for effective college level writing; Essay

Strategies for effective college level writing; - Essay Example The first strategy that a college student should adopt is coming up with a sequential strategy for developing composition. The first step should be to come up with a pre-write. Writing early and often can help a student to become acquainted with writing essays. It is also important to use diagrams to develop thought pattern which will give the student a better perspective on the subject of the essay. It is also a good habit to write at least two drafts before writing the final paper. After developing the draft, the next step is revising the draft based on the advice from peers and instructors. Finally, the student should make a habit of proofreading the final draft and correcting grammatical errors and other errors before writing the final paper (Bezbatchenko, 2013). No matter the level of complexity the assignment involves, the best papers are always the ones that were as a result of a carefully planned approach. That means that one has to plan the available time carefully to avoid last minute rush and a poorly written paper. Students are advised to ensure that they have planned times to start and end writing. Therefore, one will be compelled to start writing when the time arrives. This is important since it will help the student avoid procrastination. One will also need time to do research, brainstorm ideas, organize materials, process and analyze ideas, write and re-write the paper. Students have a habit of writing shallow content in their papers. This is a result of poor research and poor time management. Unless one has been specifically instructed to write a research paper, college level writing involves more than collecting information from various sources and writing them as a college paper. It is important for a student to establish a unique perspective on the topic. As one searches for information, one should consider developing their own voices in the paper. The paper should be written with